Hormone levels shift at every stage of life, from the surge of puberty to the gradual decline of later years. Many common problems in older adults come from these changes.
Puberty
The hypothalamus starts releasing GnRH in pulses, which wakes up FSH and LH. Rising sex hormones cause the growth spurt and the development of adult features.
Menopause
Around age 50 the ovaries stop releasing eggs and estrogen falls. Hot flushes, vaginal dryness and faster bone loss follow, raising the risk of osteoporosis.
Aging men
Testosterone falls slowly, about 1% a year after age 30 to 40. This can reduce muscle mass, bone density and energy.
Glucose and water
Older adults handle glucose less well, so type 2 diabetes becomes more common. Thirst weakens and the kidneys concentrate urine less, so dehydration and sodium problems are frequent.
Thyroid
An underactive thyroid is common in older adults. Its signs, such as fatigue, constipation and slow thinking, are easily mistaken for normal aging.
At the bedside
In an older adult with fatigue, confusion or falls, check sodium, glucose and thyroid tests before blaming age. Ask postmenopausal women about bone health and past fractures.
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Written by Making Synapses. Topic reference: OpenStax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e (no text adapted).