Autism spectrum disorder is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition with differences in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors or interests, starting in early childhood. Signs vary widely, and early screening and support improve language, learning and daily function.
Key symptoms
- Little eye contact, few gestures, not responding to name
- Delayed or unusual speech, repeating words or phrases
- Trouble with back-and-forth play and making friends
- Repetitive movements, strict routines, intense narrow interests
- Strong reactions to sounds, textures or lights
What you find on exam
- Observe play, communication and response to the examiner
- Growth and head size
- Skin check for signs of genetic syndromes such as tuberous sclerosis
- Hearing and vision assessment
Tests
- Routine screening at 18 and 24 months with the M-CHAT-R/F
- Formal diagnosis by a specialist using DSM-5 criteria
- Formal hearing test
- Genetic testing: chromosomal microarray and fragile X
Treatment basics
- Early intervention and applied behavior analysis
- Speech, occupational and social skills therapy
- School supports through an individualized education program
- Treat sleep problems, anxiety, ADHD or seizures if present
- Risperidone or aripiprazole for severe irritability
Red flags
- Any loss of language or social skills at any age
- Self-injury or aggression causing harm
- Seizures
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Related guides
Sources: NCCPA PANCE Content Blueprint; NBOME COMLEX-USA clinical presentations; AAMC Core Entrustable Professional Activities (Core EPAs). Written by Making Synapses. Making Synapses is not affiliated with these organizations.